Recommended Infrastructure Standards for Mass Antibiotic Dispensing
Recommended Infrastructure Standards for Mass Antibiotic Dispensing
Christopher Nelson
Edward W. Chan
Anita Chandra
Paul Sorensen
Henry H. Willis
Katherine Comanor
Hayoung Park
Karen A. Ricci
Leah B. Caldarone
Molly Shea
John A. Zambrano
Lydia Hansell
Copyright Date: 2008
Published by: RAND Corporation
Pages: 131
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/tr553dhhs
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Book Info
Recommended Infrastructure Standards for Mass Antibiotic Dispensing
Book Description:

A central component of public health preparedness is the ability todispense medications to large populations under short timelines. This reportpresents recommended standards for points of dispensing (or PODs), where thepublic would receive the medications. The standards, which are designed toapply to widely divergent jurisdictions, rely on expert panel evaluations,current POD planning practices, and computer-modeled scenarios.

eISBN: 978-0-8330-6006-8
Subjects: Health Sciences, Sociology, Political Science
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Table of Contents
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  1. Front Matter
    Front Matter (pp. i-ii)
  2. PREFACE
    PREFACE (pp. iii-iv)
  3. Table of Contents
    Table of Contents (pp. v-viii)
  4. FIGURES
    FIGURES (pp. ix-x)
  5. TABLES
    TABLES (pp. xi-xii)
  6. TOOLS
    TOOLS (pp. xiii-xiv)
  7. SUMMARY
    SUMMARY (pp. xv-xxii)
  8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (pp. xxiii-xxiv)
  9. ABBREVIATIONS
    ABBREVIATIONS (pp. xxv-xxvi)
  10. 1. INTRODUCTION
    1. INTRODUCTION (pp. 1-8)

    The 2001 anthrax attacks, the 2005 Gulf Coast hurricanes, and the continuing threat of an avian flu pandemic have pushed public health emergency preparedness to the top of the national agenda. Accordingly, Congress and the White House have invested over $7 billion since the 9/11 attacks in efforts to upgrade the nation’s ability to address bioterrorism, natural disease outbreaks, and the health effects of natural disasters.

    Despite encouraging anecdotes, the absence of performance standards and metrics for preparedness make it difficult to say whether the investments have left the country better prepared. The Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA) of...

  11. 2. APPROACH TO STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT
    2. APPROACH TO STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT (pp. 9-16)

    As noted in Chapter One, the CRI program is predicated on the goal of ensuring that CRI sites can administer prophylaxis to their entire populations within 48 hours of the decision to do so. The challenge, therefore, is to identify minimal POD infrastructure standards that are likely to ensure that CRI sites are able to meet this goal during a real operation.

    In this chapter, we describe the approach used to develop the proposed standards, including the sources that informed our process.

    The rarity of large-scale public health emergencies, while fortunate, means that there is little experience on which to...

  12. 3. RECOMMENDED STANDARDS ON THE NUMBER AND LOCATION OF PODS
    3. RECOMMENDED STANDARDS ON THE NUMBER AND LOCATION OF PODS (pp. 17-32)

    This chapter presents standards that apply to the entiresetof PODs to be located throughout a community.

    First, the standards seek to ensure that thenumberof PODs in a community is sufficient to meet the CRI program goal of providing medications to the entire population within 48 hours of the decision to do so. This aggressive timeline will often require large numbers of PODs and it is essential that jurisdictions have clear guidance in identifying the minimum number needed. Second, the standards address thelocationof PODs. A motivation for location standards is to ensure that access to...

  13. 4. RECOMMENDED STANDARDS FOR INTERNAL POD OPERATIONS
    4. RECOMMENDED STANDARDS FOR INTERNAL POD OPERATIONS (pp. 33-44)

    In routine circumstances, such as annual influenza vaccination clinics, PODs might include a fairly broad range of functions, including thorough client education and detailed screening for contraindications. In such circumstances, PODs prioritize accuracy over speed. In contrast, during a large-scale anthrax attack or similar scenario, PODs will have to provide a large number of people with prophylaxis in a short amount of time, often using as few POD staff as possible. The requirements of a large-scale emergency, especially the need to serve a large number of clients, may necessitate reducing the amount of time spent with each client and reducing...

  14. 5. RECOMMENDED STANDARDS FOR POD STAFFING
    5. RECOMMENDED STANDARDS FOR POD STAFFING (pp. 45-60)

    Perhaps the most difficult aspect of conducting a mass prophylaxis operation in the CRI scenario is having sufficient staff³⁴ to operate the PODs. Jurisdictions must determine the number of staff needed to operate each POD at the level required to handle the number of people who will come to it seeking prophylaxis. Further, jurisdictions need to recruit staff in sufficient numbers and maintain the ability to contact them so that they can be quickly mobilized in the event of an emergency.

    To that end, we recommend the following standards on the staffing of PODs. (In the case of Standards 3.3...

  15. 6. RECOMMENDED STANDARDS ON POD SECURITY
    6. RECOMMENDED STANDARDS ON POD SECURITY (pp. 61-72)

    The main challenge in developing appropriate standards for POD security is to ensure that a comprehensive set of security measures is in place while also ensuring that the measures are not overly prescriptive in terms of how security operations are conducted. The latter point is especially important for security because many of the required security functions (e.g., crowd and traffic control) are provided by organizations outside of the traditional public health community and are conducted according to established standard operating procedures specific to each organization.

    With these principles in mind, we recommend the following standards on POD security. In the...

  16. 7. NEXT STEPS
    7. NEXT STEPS (pp. 73-76)

    This report presented recommended minimal infrastructure standards for PODs. The standards focus on the number and locations of PODs, internal POD operations, POD staffing, and POD security. This concluding chapter briefly summarizes key features of the recommended standards and offers next steps.

    An overriding consideration that resulted from analysis and consultation with the expert panel and other stakeholders was that many different infrastructure configurations can lead to the same operational output. The expert panel counseled strongly against inflexible numerical thresholds and argued in favor of standards that provide appropriate flexibility and responsiveness to state and local needs.

    Thus, rather than...

  17. A. INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION FROM CRI SITES
    A. INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION FROM CRI SITES (pp. 77-86)
  18. B. LIST OF PANELISTS
    B. LIST OF PANELISTS (pp. 87-90)
  19. C. LOCATION MODELING AND ANALYSIS
    C. LOCATION MODELING AND ANALYSIS (pp. 91-96)
  20. D. MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF POD OPERATIONS AND STAFFING
    D. MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF POD OPERATIONS AND STAFFING (pp. 97-102)
  21. REFERENCES
    REFERENCES (pp. 103-105)
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