The Huddled Masses Myth
The Huddled Masses Myth: Immigration And Civil Rights
Kevin R. Johnson
Copyright Date: 2004
Published by: Temple University Press
Pages: 264
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14bt04r
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Book Info
The Huddled Masses Myth
Book Description:

Despite rhetoric that suggests that the United States opens its doors to virtually anyone who wants to come here, immigration has been restricted since the nation began. In this book, Kevin R. Johnson argues that immigration policy reflects the social hierarchy that prevails in American society as a whole and that immigration reform is intertwined with the struggle for civil rights.The "Huddled Masses" Myth focuses on the exclusion of people of color, gays and lesbians, people with disabilities, the poor, political dissidents, and other disfavored groups, showing how bias shapes the law. In the nineteenth century, for example, virulent anti-Asian bias excluded would-be immigrants from China and severely restricted those from Japan. In our own time, people fleeing persecution and poverty in Haiti generally have been treated much differently from those fleeing Cuba. Johnson further argues that although domestic minorities (whether citizens or lawful immigrants) enjoy legal protections and might even be courted by politicians, they are regarded as subordinate groups and suffer discrimination. This book has particular resonance today as the public debates the uncertain status of immigrants from Arab countries and of the Muslim faith.

eISBN: 978-1-59213-792-3
Subjects: Sociology
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  1. Front Matter
    Front Matter (pp. i-vi)
  2. Table of Contents
    Table of Contents (pp. vii-viii)
  3. Acknowledgments
    Acknowledgments (pp. ix-x)
  4. 1 Immigration and Civil Rights in the United States
    1 Immigration and Civil Rights in the United States (pp. 1-12)

    One of the more overquoted poems in U.S. history is Emma Lazarus’s “The New Colossus”:

    Give me your tired, your poor,

    Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

    The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.¹

    These famous words inscribed on the Statue of Liberty unquestionably shaped the national consciousness about immigration to the United States throughout the twentieth century.² At times, the nation has acted with incredible generosity toward immigrants, in a manner entirely consistent with the laudable ideal expressed by Lazarus. However, the U.S. immigration laws have also occasioned a darker history, one that is painful to recall and...

  5. 2 Exclusion and Deportation of Racial Minorities
    2 Exclusion and Deportation of Racial Minorities (pp. 13-54)

    The treatment of “aliens,” particularly those of color, under the U.S. immigration laws parallels domestic race relations in this nation. A complex, often volatile, relationship exists between racism against citizens and racism against noncitizens. Peter Brimelow’s best-selling anti-immigrant book,Alien Nation: Common Sense About America’s Immigration Disaster,¹ exemplifies this relationship.Alien Nationostensibly criticizes the state of U.S. immigration law; in fact, however, the book attacks affirmative action, “Hispanics,” multiculturalism, bilingual education, and virtually any program designed to remedy discrimination in the United States.

    As the legacy of chattel slavery and forced migration from Africa would have it, the United...

  6. 3 Exclusion and Deportation of Political Undesirables
    3 Exclusion and Deportation of Political Undesirables (pp. 55-90)

    From its early days, the United States sought to limit the number of politically undesirable persons coming to this country from foreign lands. The infamous Alien and Sedition Acts of the 1790s represent one of the first examples of these efforts.¹ Over the next two centuries, Congress passed laws that penalized “alien” anarchists, communists, and other politically unpopular persons. During the twentieth century, the federal government enforced these laws with vigor in times of crisis. The hunt for political dissidents took on new meaning and urgency after September 11, 2001. The highest levels of the federal government have engaged in...

  7. 4 Exclusion and Deportation of the Poor
    4 Exclusion and Deportation of the Poor (pp. 91-108)

    The Statue of Liberty’s inscription “Give me your tired, your poor” warmly invites those in need to the proverbial land of opportunity. But the U.S. immigration laws have never welcomed the poor. In fact, from the first comprehensive federal immigration law, the laws have been designed and enforced to keep poor people out of the country. Poor and working-class immigrants have long been excluded from the United States under the public charge provisions, one of the constants of a frequently amended set of immigration laws.

    The effort to bar poor people from our shores reflects a concern about what benefits...

  8. 5 Exclusion and Deportation of Criminals
    5 Exclusion and Deportation of Criminals (pp. 109-123)

    The U.S. immigration laws have a long history of exclusion and deportation of criminals. As with other groups targeted by the immigration laws, the criminal provisions have ebbed and flowed with the immigration winds of the day. The general direction with respect to “criminal aliens,” however, has been toward increasingly harsh treatment.

    Of course, in some respects, the unpopularity of “criminal aliens” is understandable, perhaps even deserved in some instances. If nation-states exercise the power to restrict immigration into their territories, noncitizens convicted of crimes would seem the most likely to pose a risk to the community and therefore the...

  9. 6 The Marginalization of Women Under the Immigration and Nationality Laws
    6 The Marginalization of Women Under the Immigration and Nationality Laws (pp. 124-139)

    The treatment of women throughout the history of the U.S. immigration laws parallels the place of women in the United States. For much of U.S. history, the law, including the immigration and nationality laws, treated women as extensions of their spouses, with no independent legal identity. The notion of coverture—that women are subordinate to and under the control of men—substantially shaped the laws and had severely negative consequences for women. As the status of women evolved in the United States, their treatment under the immigration laws evolved as well.

    The treatment of immigrant women differed in important ways...

  10. 7 Exclusion and Deportation of Lesbians and Gay Men
    7 Exclusion and Deportation of Lesbians and Gay Men (pp. 140-151)

    Like other historically unpopular groups in the United States, lesbians and gay men have suffered the wrath of the immigration laws. Interestingly, homosexual immigrants, much like homosexuals generally, were virtually invisible until 1952. Reminiscent of Nazism, which included both communists and homosexuals among the “undesirables” sent to concentration camps,¹ McCarthyism equated homosexuals with communists. The immigration laws of the Cold War era were deeply influenced by fear of “the communist threat.” At the same time that Congress increased efforts to police communist sympathies, therefore, it also amended the immigration laws to expressly exclude homosexuals from the country.

    From 1952 until...

  11. 8 The Future of Immigration and Civil Rights in the United States
    8 The Future of Immigration and Civil Rights in the United States (pp. 152-176)

    As we have seen, exclusion and deportation of minorities have been part and parcel of the U.S. immigration laws. People of color, political dissidents, the poor and the working class, criminals, women, and homosexuals have all suffered the wrath of immigration law and enforcement at various times in U.S. history. The nation’s harsh treatment of its immigrants runs counter to the devotion to equality and the commitment to the “huddled masses” on which our country was built.

    Because noncitizens are afforded precious few legal and civil rights, they possess few of the protections that citizens enjoy in the current U.S....

  12. Notes
    Notes (pp. 177-248)
  13. Index
    Index (pp. 249-254)