For those fortunate to live in a prosperous democratic state in the first decade of the 2000s, the politics of inclusion seems a natural state of affairs. It is indeed one of the most powerful legitimating claims of democratic political life. The ability to deliver welfare, prosperity and security toallcitizens is the premise of successful electoral politics. Similarly, at the international level, the politics of Europe is increasingly the politics of cooperation. The latter, although sometimes taken for granted, might be regarded as truly historic. The history of Europe during the ‘short twentieth century’ was, after all, that...

In a volume intended to have a contemporary bearing, it may seem idiosyncratic to devote an entire chapter to the Cold War. There are, after all, other more recent episodes which could be said to have shaped international politics and to which connections can be drawn with the book’s central concerns of inclusion/exclusion and security. Yet security relations in Europe, both at present and for the foreseeable future, will be shaped more by the legacies of the Cold War than by any other set of circumstances. In global terms and even more so in the European context, the end of...

The purpose of Chapter 1 was to consider a variety of forms of inclusion and exclusion. Here we are more concerned with how these relate to a broadersystemof security relations in post-Cold War Europe. In so doing, this chapter utilises the notion of ‘security community’ introduced in Chapter 2. It was noted there that during the Cold War, the Europe of the West (and indeed the Euro-Atlantic area more broadly) had come to be characterised as a ‘pluralistic security community’. The end of the Cold War opened up the possibility that this community could be extended eastwards as...

In this chapter, NATO’s relevance is seen in terms of how it has contributed to a dynamic of inclusion and, in parallel, of exclusion in European security. Further, the chapter highlights two fundamental developments which flowed from NATO’s strategic response to the end of the Cold War and which have been reinforced by the impact of 9/11. These are, first, an extension of geopolitical remit, and second, a widening of purpose. The first of these informed debates on NATO’s persistence in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War and has been carried forward through processes of liaison, partnership and enlargement....

As noted in Chapter 2, at the Cold War’s end, it was uncertain whether the then EC would be able to assume a lead role in European security. While the period 1985–91 is usually associated with the tenure of Mikhail Gorbachev as Soviet leader and the final phase of the Cold War, this was also a period of extraordinary change within the EC. Having seemingly overcome a period of ‘Eurosclerosis’ in the early 1980s, these years witnessed the accession of Spain and Portugal (in January 1986), the entry into force (in July 1987) of the Single European Act with...

Is Russia part of the European security community? What is its relationship to the structures of European security governance? Partial answers to these questions were given in Chapter 3. There it was suggested that Russia occupies an ambiguous position – related to but not fully part of this community or its system of governance. This chapter elaborates this theme in greater detail. It first sets out in broad terms the nature of Russia’s exclusion. This is followed by an examination of Russia’s relationship with Europe in terms of a search on both sides for a more inclusive relationship. The possibilities and...

The question of Turkey’s relationship to Europe’s security community is, in one sense, a seemingly superfluous one; the country has, after all, been a member of NATO for decades. Yet in a post-Cold War Europe where security community and European security governance are increasingly linked to the EU as much as the Alliance, the question has seemed more and more pertinent. Turkey’s exclusion from the EU, moreover, sits alongside other controversial and sometimes fraught issues: the question of Cyprus, relations with Greece, a difficult democratic transition and, in broad terms, the matter of Europeanness. These, and other matters, have on...

The politics of ‘Europe’ is rarely articulated in grand terms either by the people who live there or by the political elites who presume to govern its affairs. In so far as debate exists on the governance of Europe in the early twenty-first century it is conducted in parochial terms. Rarely in political discourse does one hear of the sorts of vision which circulated at the end of the Cold War (or, for that matter, the end of the Second World War) or the articulation of competing schemes of pan-European order. In this sense, the ‘architecture’ debate has ended. The...