All the key words in the title of this chapter need definition. Let me begin with the concept of migrant. This has been an evolving concept, and the changes in the meaning of the word migrant (including immigrant and emigrant) have been specially interesting during the twentieth century. The word in its broadest sense embraces a variety of people who leave their homes, their villages or towns, or their countries. But, where moving from one country to another was concerned, borders outside the early nation-states of Western Europe were relatively open, and this was particularly true for these Europeans moving...

There is an ancient Chinese poem which says, ‘Wherever the ocean waves touch, there are overseas Chinese’,¹ Overseas migrations have thus long been a fact of Chinese life.² They spread out from the southern and eastern peripheries (Nanyang and Taiwan), and then were extended to cover the island constellations of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. At last, they reached the far-eastern shores of the Pacific; that is, the far-western rim of the Americas. And this toponymic inversion, East/West, related to the roundness of the Earth, this paradoxical designation of a single place by two words with opposite meanings, this impossibility...

蕭玉燦 (1914 – 1981) 是當代印度尼西亞土生華人最冇影鞞的著名領袖， 怛也是印尼土生苹人中問敁弓丨起爭議的人物 。 ¹ 深入研究玉燦的生平事蹟及其為解決印度尼西亞苹人問題而提出的方案一蕭玉燦主義或同一民 族論 , 對認識和理解印...

Among Chinese overseas populations and communities, Malaysia and its port city Melaka represent prominent places of historic Chinese settlement and trade, and centres of debate over meaning and identity in contemporary Chinese culture and politics. Chinese in Malaysia make up 28 percent of the total population, which forms the largest Chinese ‘minority’ population in the world of nation-states.² Melaka, half a millennium ago, was the premier regional port at the pivot of the monsoon where Chinese merchants exchanged luxury commodities with other seafaring traders of the region and established an enduring community.³ Melaka’s economic importance motivated three European colonial powers...

While the history of Chinese settlement in Britain can be traced back nearly two centuries,¹ the presence of the Chinese in mainstream political, economic and social institutions still remains extremely limited today. Despite being noted as the third largest ethnic minority group on a national level, and the largest in some local regions, for example, Surrey, Essex and Oxfordshire,² the Chinese case is rarely referred to in current academic and political debates on issues of racism and ethnicity.

This chapter aims to discuss the ways in which Chinese ‘ethnicity’ and ‘cultural difference’ are represented in the context of dominant racial...

I want to start with an observation: how little Chinese people in Britain have figured in debates about the Chinese diaspora when Britain’s presence in East Asia in many ways propelled Chinese migration, and has just finished another chapter in the story. The research I have conducted over the last few years is intended to rectify this absence. Through a nationwide questionnaire survey and extensive interviews with 54 young Chinese people in Britain, I set our to explore their changing cultural identities.¹

My discussion of what I propose to call British Chinese identities can be framed by the following two...

A survey of literature on Chinese communities throughout the world reveals extreme differences in terms of size, social structure, occupational specialization and degree of assimilation. A picture of Overseas Chinese communities as a product of a given and static culture brought along from China and expressed in organizational forms, entrepreneurship, social relations and attitudes towards non-Chinese, can clearly not account for this variety. In each individual country Chinese communities encounter highly specific circumstances which require of them highly specific strategies. Like all other immigrant groups, Chinese communities are products of their environment and history.¹

Yet leaving it at this would...

Researchers have only lately considered immigrants in Denmark, not being a typical immigrant country, as a research topic, Immigrants arrived in significant numbers during the late 1960s, but the Danes themselves were late in realizing that these so-called guest-workers were actually settling. The Chinese community, being one of the minor immigrant groups, has never attracted the attention of immigrant researchers in Denmark, and up to now no studies have been conducted on this particular immigrant group. The present analysis of the Chinese in Denmark is an attempt to remedy this situation by focusing on the immigration history of the Chinese...

At the end of the 1980s, there were about 60 000 ethnic Chinese in the Netherlands, among whom were 7000 Peranakan Chinese. They are Chinese descendants, born in Indonesia but who later emigrated to the Netherlands. They played prominent roles in Dutch society, especially in Dutch academic circles. This chapter will focus on their cultural adaptation and identity problems, tracing their migration history and analysing their migration motivation. A comparison with other immigrant Chinese groups to the Netherlands will be made and the study is essentially based on fieldwork and archival studies in the Netherlands by the author between 1986...

Chinese statistics estimate at 210 000 the population of Chinese origin (Huaren) living in France.¹ I do not know the statistical source of this estimate. Indeed in France there is no data concerning the ethnic origins of its inhabitants. In the framework of a census or a survey, questioning people about their ethnic origin could appear discriminatory and would in fact be illegal, although it is generally accepted in many Western countries like the United Kingdom, the United States or Canada. France has long been a land of immigration and has evolved a system that integrates individuals rather than communities...

In the study of the Chinese diaspora, important changes in terminology have taken place in the last two decades. In Chinese, the character Huaqiao (Chinese sojourners) was once used generally to refer to all ethnic Chinese outside China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. In his earlier work, Professor Wang Gungwu has located the historical origin of the term at around the turn of the nineteenth century, at a time when Qing government officials and other political activists sought to promote an intense identification with China among the Chinese overseas.¹ The term was a political and ideological construction that rightly belonged to...

The history of Chinese Canadian political life has seen a gradual, seamless evolution from a China-dominated to a Canada-dominated view of politics. For a long while Chinese Canadians, almost all resident in British Columbia, focused their political activism on political change in China. Major revolutionary and reformist figures in Chinese politics of the late Qing, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Sun Yat-sen visited the substantial Chinese communities in Vancouver and Victoria. The communities made major financial contributions first to the Tonmenghui and then to the Guomindang.

Some Chinese Canadians were quite passionate about Chinese politics. Apart from the financial contributions, some...

本文擬就居件在國際大都市之一的曰本神戶市的中阈人概況及其社會特徵作一淺析 。為了更好地理解疸個問題，首先想就旅日中阈人及其社舍的特徵作一簡單分析。本文中所引用的資料主要為旅日外國人統計`兵庫縣外國人統計...

第二次世界大戰後，随著世界政治`經濟等局勢的激變，海外華僑社會發 生了質的變化一當地化(華人化)。海外三千萬華僑`華人的90%已成 為居住國公民。其政治認同`政治權益和賴以生存的經濟基礎的重心已由 中國轉到居住...

縱觀戰後柬南亞華人社會的經濟發展 , 越南華人經濟以艿大起大落 ‘ 迂迥 曲卟折之獨有走勢，格外引人注目。尤其是自1975年越戰結束 ’ 北越統一全 阈後 , 南方苹人經濟更經歷了一場脱胎換齊的歴史性轉變，誠可謂歷盡劫 難，死而...

In recent years, there has been increased migration from Hong Kong to Australia, just as there has been to the USA and Canada. Some of the migrants have subsequently returned to Hong Kong to take up employment or run businesses there, often leaving family members in the new country. From this pattern of migration evolved the ‘astronaut families and parachute children’ phenomenon which is the topic of this paper.

A study undertaken by the Centre for Multicultural Studies at the University of Wollongong in 1994–95¹ examined various aspects of the phenomenon from the experience of the families themselves; and...

In recent years, Hong Kong, Macau, the People’s Republic of China, Singapore and Taiwan have become of increasing economic importance for Australia. An examination of Australia’s recent trade data indicates that in 1994 the People’s Republic of China was ranked as Australia’s sixth main trading partner, Singapore seventh, Taiwan eighth, Hong Kong tenth and Macau eighty-sixth.¹ In 1994, Australia’s trade with these five countries/regions accounted for 13.0 percent of Australia’s global trade. However, more importantly for Australia, four of these five countries! regions are amongst Australia’s top ten export markets — Singapore fifth, Taiwan sixth, the People’s Republic of China Seventh,...

In reviewing the theory, methods and substance of research on ethnic relations in Australia, Inglis notes that two important factors have been particularly influential: a researcher’s Institutional location and his source of funding.

The last twenty years have witnessed major changes in both ... rather than research being confined to universities it is now increasingly located in specialist government-funded research institutes, government departments, private consultancy firms, and non-governmental community agencies ... As sources of support for ‘pure’ research have declined, so more researchers have been compelled to bid for funds earmarked for policy-driven projects concerned with ‘multiculturalism’ and ‘self-determination’, and...

While immigration has always been a feature of human behaviour, legislation to regulate it has only characterized receiving countries during the last few centuries.¹ The first immigration restriction act was introduced in Britain towards the end of the eighteenth century; however according to a United Nations report in 1980, virtually every government in the world now has legislation regulating immigrarion.² Both Australia and South Africa are by no means exceptions and in fact share a legacy rich in discrimination and prohibitive measures. Despite vast differences in global location, geographic size, indigenous composition, international credibility and political structure, these two countries...

During the 1980s there was a major shift in the patterns of Australian immigration. For the first time since the nineteenth century Asian immigration became an important element in Australian immigration, as 40 percent of all permanent immigrants were drawn from countries in East, Southeast and Southern Asia. At the same time, there was also an increase in the educational and skill levels of immigrants entering Australia, including many from Asia.

These changes in immigration patterns were a result of a number of Australian domestic changes, as well as international changes associated with globalization. By the early 1970s Australia had...

This chapter was part of a study of the Chinese in Britain starting in the second half of the 1980s. The target group of the study was constituted of Chinese migrants who were dispersed outside the metropolitan areas in Britain. Little research has been done on these Chinese because of their dispersal, often in small numbers. However, together they made up almost half of the Chinese population in Britain.¹ The Chinese group in Elgin with a total number of one hundred and five people, who originated from Ap Chau in Hong Kong, fell within the target group.²

Elgin is a...

中國海外移民史的研究，由於近現代史上華僑對中華民拳的辑立`自主`莴強所做出的卓越貢獻，而備受人們的敢視。随著二戰以後海外各國苹人 社龠地位的提谇，尤其是典經濟宵力的膨脹和义化水〒的提髙，加之中阈 改笮問中...

在長江以北，山柬是華僑最多的省份。由於山柬半島和韓國隔海相望，交 通方便，乘船十幾小時即可到達，故自古以來兩地的交往就十分頻繁。韓 國的華僑以山東人為最多，佔95%以上。以前，學者們對柬南亞的華僑研 究得相當深...

1994 年8月，作春就梅州地區人口國際遽轸情況，到梅州市進行專門剩查 。本义係在實地調查的基礎上，結合地方誌等有關文献寫成 。

梅州地區 (即悔州市) 是中國大陣客家人聚店地之 一 。1993年，梅州市總人口為438萬人，其中98%是客家...