From Abolition to Rights for All
From Abolition to Rights for All: The Making of a Reform Community in the Nineteenth Century
JOHN T. CUMBLER
Copyright Date: 2008
Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press
Pages: 256
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhcjr
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From Abolition to Rights for All
Book Description:

The Civil War was not the end, as is often thought, of reformist activism among abolitionists. After emancipation was achieved, they broadened their struggle to pursue equal rights for women, state medicine, workers' rights, fair wages, immigrants' rights, care of the poor, and a right to decent housing and a healthy environment. Focusing on the work of a key group of activists from 1835 to the dawn of the twentieth century, From Abolition to Rights for All investigates how reformers, linked together and radicalized by their shared experiences in the abolitionist struggle, articulated a core natural rights ideology and molded it into a rationale for successive reform movements. The book follows the abolitionists' struggles and successes in organizing a social movement. For a time after the Civil War these reformers occupied major positions of power, only to be rebuffed in the later years of the nineteenth century as the larger society rejected their inclusive understanding of natural rights. The narrative of perseverance among this small group would be a continuing source of inspiration for reform. The pattern they established-local organization, expansive vision, and eventual challenge by powerful business interests and individuals-would be mirrored shortly thereafter by Progressives.

eISBN: 978-0-8122-0382-0
Subjects: History
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  1. Front Matter
    Front Matter (pp. i-vi)
  2. Table of Contents
    Table of Contents (pp. vii-viii)
  3. Preface
    Preface (pp. ix-xii)
  4. Introduction: “Till Every Yoke Is Broken”
    Introduction: “Till Every Yoke Is Broken” (pp. 1-14)

    In 1886 James Olcott, an old Connecticut farmer, gave a speech before the Agricultural Board of Connecticut urging the farmers of Connecticut to join the battle against the “social evil” of pollution. Olcott introduced himself with the pronouncement that he had “been bred in the old anti-slavery reform,” and went on to claim a link between abolitionism and anti-pollution agitation. The connection between the struggle against slavery and the campaign to end pollution was clear to Olcott even if it might be seem strained to us today. It was a connection that would not have surprised Wendell Phillips, one of...

  5. Chapter 1 The People and the Times
    Chapter 1 The People and the Times (pp. 15-30)

    On a wet November morning in 1868 Julia Ward Howe, author of numerous books of poetry, two plays, travel books, and the Battle Hymn of the Republic, set off for Boston’s Horticultural Hall wearing her “rainyday suit.” She had not really wanted to go to the Horticultural Hall that morning. Earlier her old friend, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, had prodded her to lend her name to a call for a women’s rights meeting. But women’s rights was not where Julia Ward Howe wanted to put her energy in 1868. On her mind at the time were the condition of the freedman...

  6. Chapter 2 “With Other Good Souls”
    Chapter 2 “With Other Good Souls” (pp. 31-55)

    When confronted on that evening of October 21, 1835, with the mob attacking William Lloyd Garrison, Bowditch, who prided himself on his love of “free speech and free thought,” was appalled. Here in Boston, just down the street from the spot where “Attucks and his comrades fell in the earliest days of the revolution,” a crowd was trying to stop abolitionists from speaking out.¹ Seeing Samuel Eliot at the edge of the crowd, Bowditch urged him to join in fighting the mob in defense of free speech. Eliot’s response was not what Bowditch expected. “I was surprised at his apparent...

  7. Chapter 3 “All the Great Men and Men of Respectability Stood Aloof”
    Chapter 3 “All the Great Men and Men of Respectability Stood Aloof” (pp. 56-67)

    Looking back sixty years, Thomas Wentworth Higginson remembered a time in Boston when “the anti-slavery movement drew a line of cleavage through all Boston Society, leaving most of the more powerful and wealthy families on the conservative side.”¹ Higginson, if not a Brahmin, certainly came from the upper part of New England society.² His father’s position as steward of Harvard College meant that the Higginsons mingled with the region’s elites.³ Thomas Wentworth’s early memories were that the dominant class “who then ruled Boston opinion” believed that abolition of slavery would lead to chaos and insurrection and that abolitionists “ought to...

  8. Chapter 4 “To Do Battle for Justice and the Oppressed”
    Chapter 4 “To Do Battle for Justice and the Oppressed” (pp. 68-86)

    On July 30, 1836, a ship dropped anchor in Boston harbor carrying among its passengers two African Americans, Eliza Small and Polly Ann Bates. Matthew Turner, an agent of a wealthy slaveholder in Baltimore, boarded the ship and claimed the two women as fugitive slaves. He requested that Captain Eldridge hold the women until Turner could get a warrant for their arrest. News of the event quickly spread to Boston’s black community, and soon black and white abolitionists gained a writ of habeas corpus from Chief Justice Shaw to have the women released until their hearing. The following Monday, with...

  9. Chapter 5 “The Issue Is Universal justice”
    Chapter 5 “The Issue Is Universal justice” (pp. 87-98)

    The war’s ending did not end the grief of lovers, families, and friends who lost loved ones, but for abolitionists it did bring to focus the purpose of all those years of conflict. Abolitionists struggled to respond to the new world with, in the words of Abraham Lincoln, its “new birth of freedom,” in a fashion that held to their principles while at the same time appreciating the reality of a nation without slavery. Central to their response was their continued commitment to racial justice.

    In 1861 Francis Jackson died at age seventy-three. Jackson was a founding member and long-standing...

  10. Chapter 6 “Blessed Are They Who When Some Great Cause . . . Calls Them . . . Come”
    Chapter 6 “Blessed Are They Who When Some Great Cause . . . Calls Them . . . Come” (pp. 99-117)

    In 1868, when Julia Ward Howe came to the stage and sat down among those “champions, who had fought so long and so valiantly,” she looked across the stage to where Lucy Stone sat next to her husband Henry Blackwell. Although they were to become fast friends, up to that point Julia had not been friendly to Lucy Stone. It must have pained Julia to see Stone sitting next to “the husband whose devotion so ably surrounded her life-work.”¹ Julia struggled her whole married life against her husband in order that she be able to do her life-work, while Lucy...

  11. Chapter 7 Bringing Together the Professional and the Political
    Chapter 7 Bringing Together the Professional and the Political (pp. 118-135)

    On December 8, 1852, Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, by now one of Boston’s most distinguished, although also notorious, physicians and a leading member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, presented a petition to the Society on behalf of Nancy Talbot Clark to be examined by the Society “as to [her] knowledge of medicine and [her] ability to practice it ... [so that she would] be publicly lifted from the rank of mere pretenders of learning.”¹ Clark wanted recognition by the Society to gain credibility for her practice. At the time, before there was a state board of examiners, any person could claim...

  12. Chapter 8 “Public Society Owes Perfect Protection”: The State and the People’s Rights
    Chapter 8 “Public Society Owes Perfect Protection”: The State and the People’s Rights (pp. 136-149)

    Fifty years after the organizing of the American Anti-Slavery Society, the old comrades came together in Philadelphia to commemorate the event. It was a moment partly to celebrate that slavery had been abolished, partly to reinforce commitment to racial equality in face of repeated attacks, and partly to remember fallen comrades: Garrison had died the year before. Wendell Phillips could not make the gathering, but he sent a letter that was read before the group. In it he proclaimed that the struggle against slavery was a struggle for social justice, and that it did not end until justice reined on...

  13. Chapter 9 “A Relative Right”
    Chapter 9 “A Relative Right” (pp. 150-162)

    In 1884 Wendell Phillips died. At the memorial service in Faneuil Hall, Julia Ward Howe spoke of the place’s appropriateness: “the people’s meeting hall, the place of all others where the people should commemorate Wendell Phillips.” Julia recalled to the gathering Phillips’s “splendid service to humanity” in connection to Labor Reform, anti-slavery, Ireland, and suffrage. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, also a speaker, took it upon himself to criticize Phillips. The service was symbolic in many ways. Old friends gathered to celebrate a lost comrade, but old friends were also increasingly divided about how to go into the future.¹

    Although Julia Ward...

  14. List of Abbreviations
    List of Abbreviations (pp. 163-164)
  15. Notes
    Notes (pp. 165-226)
  16. Index
    Index (pp. 227-236)
  17. Acknowledgments
    Acknowledgments (pp. 237-238)
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