California Crucible
California Crucible: The Forging of Modern American Liberalism
JONATHAN BELL
Series: Politics and Culture in Modern America
Copyright Date: 2012
Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press
Pages: 352
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhg9q
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California Crucible
Book Description:

In the three decades following World War II, the Golden State was not only the fastest-growing state in the Union but also the site of significant political change. From the late 1940s through the mid-1970s, a generation of liberal activists transformed the political landscape of California, ending Republican dominance of state politics and eventually setting the tone for the Democratic Party nationwide. In California Crucible, Jonathan Bell chronicles this dramatic story of postwar liberalism-from early grassroots organizing and the election of Pat Brown as governor in 1958 to the civil rights campaigns of the 1960s and the campaigns against the New Right in the 1970s. As Bell argues, the emergent "California liberalism" was a distinctly post-New Deal phenomenon that drew on the ambitious ideals of the New Deal but adapted them to a diverse population. The result was a broad coalition that sought to extend social democracy to marginalized groups-such as gay rights and civil rights organizations-that had not been well served by the Democratic Party in earlier decades. In building this coalition, liberal activists forged an ideology capable of bringing Latino farm workers, African American civil rights activists, and wealthy suburban homemakers into a shared political project. By exploring California Democrats' largely successful attempts to link economic rights to civil rights and serve the needs of diverse groups, Bell challenges common assumptions about the rise of the New Right and the decline of American liberalism in the postwar era. As Bell shows, by the end of the 1970s California had become the spiritual home of the liberal wing of the Democratic Party as much as that of the Reagan Revolution.

eISBN: 978-0-8122-0624-1
Subjects: History
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  1. Front Matter
    Front Matter (pp. [i]-[vi])
  2. Table of Contents
    Table of Contents (pp. [vii]-[viii])
  3. INTRODUCTION: Placing California in Post-World War II American Politics
    INTRODUCTION: Placing California in Post-World War II American Politics (pp. 1-10)

    In April 1959, Cricket Levering, legislative chairwoman of Democratic clubs in the suburb of Claremont and the surrounding neighborhoods of the Forty-Ninth Assembly District in the northeastern corner of Los Angeles County, wrote a memo to fellow club organizers. Giddy from the landslide victories of gubernatorial candidate Pat Brown and other Democratic legislative candidates in the 1958 elections, Levering wanted to maintain the momentum that had helped bring about those victories through tireless precinct walking, leaflet distribution, rally organizing, and voter registration drives. Those who met in living rooms and poolside backyards in the Forty-Ninth District Democratic clubs discussed issues...

  4. CHAPTER 1 Politics and Party in California at Mid-Century
    CHAPTER 1 Politics and Party in California at Mid-Century (pp. 11-30)

    The social and economic changes of the Depression and World War II had affected California at least as manifestly as anywhere else in the Union. Whether we think of the mass of displaced Okies in the 1930s or the millions who descended on the Golden State to seek employment in war industries in the 1940s, there was no question that California was undergoing rapid and significant social changes that required collective solutions. The state population had swollen in the 1940s alone from a little under seven million to 10,586,223. The African American population had rocketed from 124,000 in 1940 to...

  5. CHAPTER 2 Building the Democratic Party in the 1940s
    CHAPTER 2 Building the Democratic Party in the 1940s (pp. 31-54)

    The California Democratic Party needed a message and a program in order to unite all left-of-center interests in the state behind its banner and thus establish a genuine political choice for the public and set up the terms of debate in the postwar years. The difficulties it faced in achieving this task also point up reasons why it would become one of the most radical in reshaping its political perspective during the 1950s and 1960s: liberal political ideology was being thrashed out within the Democratic party hierarchy and in activist organizations against a backdrop of a strong popular front tradition...

  6. CHAPTER 3 The Stevenson Effect
    CHAPTER 3 The Stevenson Effect (pp. 55-82)

    When Helen Myers, delegate to the Democratic convention in Chicago in 1952, landed back home in Los Angeles after watching the nomination of Adlai Stevenson, she found that events had not gone unnoticed in California.“As soon as I got back,” she recalled, “there was a stack of phone calls on my desk—people calling in wanting to know if they could work for Adlai Stevenson.” This sudden enthusiasm for national Democratic politics in Los Angeles came at just the right time for activists like Myers. “The stevenson people came into politics just at the time we were trying to create...

  7. CHAPTER 4 A Democratic Order
    CHAPTER 4 A Democratic Order (pp. 83-104)

    The aftermath of Stevenson’s defeat witnessed a dizzying period of political organizing and intellectual soul-searching among those wishing to use the still enfeebled Democratic Party as a vehicle for major social reform in California. Exhilarated from their experience in Stevenson clubs and on the campaign trail, his supporters on the West Coast had learned valuable lessons. The party still lacked both organizational and ideological discipline, and still did not have the machinery in place to ensure candidates on the ticket shared at least some political kinship beyond the party label. Politics at the national level had been reshaped during the...

  8. CHAPTER 5 Turning Point: California Politics in the 1950s
    CHAPTER 5 Turning Point: California Politics in the 1950s (pp. 105-122)

    Democrats were assisted in their efforts to become the majority party in California by the Republican Party’s self-immolating lurch to the right in the landmark 1958 elections; placing anti-union shop “right to work” initiatives at the center of William Knowland’s campaign for governor had the immediate effect of rallying the whole of organized labor behind the Democrats.¹ Yet their rise to power was taking place well before the state GOP decided on an antilabor initiative: in 1952 the Democrats won only 11 of the 40 State Senate seats and 26 of 80 State Assembly seats. Two years later, with the...

  9. CHAPTER 6 The Liberal Moment
    CHAPTER 6 The Liberal Moment (pp. 123-154)

    The midterm elections of 1958 transformed the electoral landscape of the United States in ways that would resonate for decades to come. After the disaster of 1946 that had swept aside the New Deal coalition of the cities, suburbs, and the South in Congress the Democratic Party had become beholden to its still monolithic southern base, which had provided the margin of victory in its narrow victories in 1948, 1950, 1954, and 1956. Congress had failed in these years to repeal much of the anti-New Deal legislation of the Republican 80th Congress, in particular the Taft-Hartley Act. After 1958 a...

  10. CHAPTER 7 Democratic Politics and the Brown Administration
    CHAPTER 7 Democratic Politics and the Brown Administration (pp. 155-182)

    At the end of the 1959 session of the California legislature, the state AFL-CIO leadership looked back on the achievements of the preceding year. “Undoubtedly,” wrote C. J. Haggerty in his foreword to labor’s guide to events in Sacramento, “1959 will go down in state history as the year in which California undertook the protection and extension of equal rights of its citizens.” Pointing to the extension of unemployment insurance, disability insurance, workmen’s compensation, and the landmark civil rights laws in the form of the passage of a state FEPC, the prohibition of discrimination in the provision of goods and...

  11. CHAPTER 8 Welfare Reform and the Idea of the Family
    CHAPTER 8 Welfare Reform and the Idea of the Family (pp. 183-204)

    “This is indeed a crucial time in public assistance,” reported assistant secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and long-time federal Social Security administrator Wilbur Cohen in a speech in Boston in November 1961. “I can venture to say that the welfare programs have never been so thoroughly studied as they are being studied under this administration. And they have never been the object of so many independent evaluations by such highly qualified people.”¹ In California a number of factors coalesced in the early 1960s to put the welfare state at the center of the political agenda. First, the passage of...

  12. CHAPTER 9 Culture Wars, Politics, and Power
    CHAPTER 9 Culture Wars, Politics, and Power (pp. 205-238)

    California has always been a political outlier. As most of the United States was waking up in November 1964 to a Johnson landslide and massive majorities for Democrats in Congress and in statehouses across the land, Californians awoke to a new Republican senator, the repeal of the state’s fair housing law by way of Proposition 14 on the state ballot, and the spectacle of a state Democratic Party rapidly descending into a deeply factionalized, impotent mess. Even if Democrats could take comfort from Johnson’s huge victory over Barry Goldwater, historians have recently demonstrated that the Goldwater movement represented the stirrings...

  13. CHAPTER 10 The Legacy of the Democratic Party Renaissance
    CHAPTER 10 The Legacy of the Democratic Party Renaissance (pp. 239-268)

    “California,” wrote political analysts Michael Barone, Grant Ujifusa, and Doug Matthews in 1975, “just a few years ago the most noticeably right-wing major state, has now become a leftish state politically.”¹ In fact, California remained as unpredictable as ever in political terms, electing Ronald Reagan governor in a landslide in 1966 and a Republican assembly and senate in 1968, but also electing Alan Cranston senator that same year against arch conservative Superintendent of Schools Max Rafferty, and then in 1970 throwing out Rafferty, the Republican legislature, and GOP senator George Murphy while reelecting Reagan. It is true, nonetheless, that left-leaning...

  14. Epilogue: Liberal Politics in California in an “Era of Limits”
    Epilogue: Liberal Politics in California in an “Era of Limits” (pp. 269-280)

    “In the age of anti-politics,” said CBS Evening News anchor Walter Cronkite in a March 1976 interview with the governor of California, “Jerry Brown is the consummate anti-politician. He’s impossible to classify—a mixture of liberalism, conservatism, populism, existentialism, Zen Buddhism, Puritanism.”¹ Brown’s policy legacy added to this image of the contradictory politician working in an era of contradictions and mixed messages. The late 1970s witnessed a blizzard of legislative activity in the state legislature, prompting the AFL-CIO to proclaim that more “legislation of lasting significance to California workers was enacted during the 1975 session than at any time in...

  15. NOTES
    NOTES (pp. 281-332)
  16. INDEX
    INDEX (pp. 333-340)
  17. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (pp. 341-343)
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