Capital of the World
Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations
CHARLENE MIRES
Copyright Date: 2013
Published by: NYU Press
Pages: 328
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfd0r
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Capital of the World
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"A fascinating account of the enthusiastic effort to establish a home for the fledgling United Nations at the end of World War II. Mires creates a powerful sense of suspense as she describes the intense competition among boosters from New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and even the Black Hills of South Dakota. In lively and elegant prose, from the first sentence to the last, she captures the contradictory visions of the 'Capital of the World' that persisted from beginning to end." - Allan M. Winkler, Distinguished Professor of History, Miami University From 1944 to 1946, as the world pivoted from the Second World War to an unsteady peace, Americans in more than two hundred cities and towns mobilized to chase an implausible dream. The newly-created United Nations needed a meeting place, a central place for global diplomacy - a Capital of the World. But what would it look like, and where would it be? Without invitation, civic boosters in every region of the United States leapt at the prospect of transforming their hometowns into the Capital of the World. The idea stirred in big cities - Chicago, San Francisco, St. Louis, New Orleans, Denver, and more. It fired imaginations in the Black Hills of South Dakota and in small towns from coast to coast. Meanwhile, within the United Nations the search for a headquarters site became a debacle that threatened to undermine the organization in its earliest days. At times it seemed the world's diplomats could agree on only one thing: under no circumstances did they want the United Nations to be based in New York. And for its part, New York worked mightily just to stay in the race it would eventually win. With a sweeping view of the United States' place in the world at the end of World War II, Capital of the World tells the dramatic, surprising, and at times comic story of hometown promoters in pursuit of an extraordinary prize and the diplomats who struggled with the balance of power at a pivotal moment in history.Charlene Miresis Associate Professor of History at Rutgers University-Camden. She is the author ofIndependence Hall in American Memoryand a co-recipient of a Pulitzer Prize in journalism.

eISBN: 978-0-8147-0835-4
Subjects: History
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  1. Front Matter
    Front Matter (pp. [i]-[vi])
  2. Table of Contents
    Table of Contents (pp. [vii]-[vii])
  3. INTRODUCTION
    INTRODUCTION (pp. 1-5)

    October 24, 1949, in New York City was a day of symbolism and silences.

    At East Forty-Second Street facing the East River, a sleek slab of a building reached toward the sky, its upper floors still under construction. Seventeen acres, previously a district of stinking slaughterhouses, had been cleared of all traces of earlier times. Where livestock once lumbered through the streets, ten thousand people now sat in wooden folding chairs facing the flags of fifty-nine nations and a platform draped in blue. Onstage, President Harry S. Truman and New York governor Thomas E. Dewey appeared to chat amiably despite...

  4. PART I FROM WAR TO PEACE
    • 1 INSPIRATION
      1 INSPIRATION (pp. 9-27)

      During the second week of September 1944, the United States Army Air Force delivered a telegram with tragic news to Paul and Lucy Bellamy of Rapid City, South Dakota. Just a few days short of their fortieth wedding anniversary, the Bellamys learned that their younger son, Lieutenant Paul Herbert Bellamy, had died on August 26 in a midair collision seventeen thousand feet over England. Herb, twenty-two years old, had been the lead pilot of two groups of B-17 Flying Fortresses. In flight, Bellamy’s crew observed a plane above them getting close—closer—too close!—to their own ship. The first...

    • 2 HOPE
      2 HOPE (pp. 29-51)

      San Francisco had seen many prospectors in its history, from missionaries seeking souls to eager pursuers of land, fortune, and gold. Now, as diplomats from around the world arrived for the United Nations Conference on International Organization, a new wave of prospectors followed. Like the Gold Rush pioneers of 1849, they struck out for the West without waiting for an invitation. Instead of picks, pans, and shovels, they came with the tools of modern public relations—handshakes, press agents, brochures, and persistence. The new prospectors came from Philadelphia and from another gold region, the Black Hills of South Dakota, with...

    • 3 SCHEMES
      3 SCHEMES (pp. 52-77)

      On the last day of June in 1945, four days after the San Francisco conference adjourned, the excursion steamshipWestern Statescruised northward on Lake Huron, the second largest of the Great Lakes that straddle the U.S.-Canadian border. In a world of waterways plied by battle-ships and submarines, theWestern Statessteamed along its 300-mile route from Detroit in a leisurely twenty hours—time enough to deliver its passengers, thirty-seven governors of the United States, to Mackinac Island for their annual Governors’ Conference. The Second World War, now entering its last violent weeks in the Pacific, seemed far removed from...

  5. PART II THE NEW WORLD
    • 4 BLITZ
      4 BLITZ (pp. 81-106)

      The competition to become the Capital of the World—which no one had announced—reached London in the fall of 1945 with a bombardment of invitations that no one had solicited: a resolution from the town board of Hyde Park, New York! A letter from the chamber of commerce of Beloit, Wisconsin! Promotional brochures from Boston, St. Louis, Miami, and Newport, Rhode Island! Petitions from Claremore, Oklahoma, and suggestions from Saratoga, Valley Forge, Monticello, and Williamsburg. Bizarre communications signed by Chase Osborn of “Possum Poke in Possum Lane,” somewhere in Georgia. Site plans from South Dakota and photographs from Philadelphia....

    • 5 SHOWTIME!
      5 SHOWTIME! (pp. 107-122)

      The State Department told them not to go.

      The president of the United States told them not to go.

      The secretary of the United Nations Preparatory Commission in war-scarred London suggested—diplomatically, of course—that they really shouldn’t go.

      But neither cost, time, nor inconvenience could keep determined American civic boosters from racing across the Atlantic during November and December 1945 to offer their services to the United Nations. By the end of the year, sixteen of the most persistent world capital hopefuls from the United States forced their attentions on the UN in person, and more were on the...

    • 6 SURPRISE
      6 SURPRISE (pp. 123-141)

      The mayor of San Francisco stayed in London longer than any other American civic booster. Roger Lapham circulated among the diplomats to remind them of the warm welcome they had experienced in his city, and he was gratified to hear San Francisco mentioned frequently during the lengthy debates over whether to place the headquarters in the United States or in Europe. By December 20, when the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations determined that the site question needed further study by yet another committee, Lapham decided he had done all he could for the moment. An interim committee had instructions...

  6. PART III AMERICAN DREAMS
    • 7 STUMBLE
      7 STUMBLE (pp. 145-169)

      Primed by the eagerness of civic boosters across the United States, an inspection team from the United Nations touched down in New York in January 1946 to find a site for the future Capital of the World. The leader of the group, Stoyan Gavrilovic of Yugoslavia, embraced the dream. He believed that the United Nations would create not merely a headquarters but a world capital that would be a symbol and assurance of peace for perhaps fifty, or one hundred, or even fifteen hundred years. “What the builders of the United Nations have in view is one of the finest...

    • 8 SCRAMBLE
      8 SCRAMBLE (pp. 170-193)

      While the site inspection team carried out its mission in the United States, the United Nations General Assembly convened for the first time in London and shouldered the challenge of securing peace for the world. “We realize that, as perhaps never before, a choice is offered to mankind,” British prime minister Clement Attlee said, addressing the delegates of fifty-one nations on the Assembly’s first day, January 10, 1946. “Twice in my life-time war has brought untold sorrow to mankind. Should there be a third World War, the long upward progress toward civilization may be halted for generations and the work...

    • 9 DEAL
      9 DEAL (pp. 194-218)

      If the United Nations needed further evidence of its increasingly precarious relationship with Westchester County, a single memorable event on a Saturday afternoon in October provided it. One of the UN’s staunchest friends, Nelson Rockefeller, invited one thousand delegates and alternates to lunch at his family’s estate, Pocantico Hills, near Tarry-town in Westchester County. But more than two hours after the “typical American” luncheon was to begin, more than half of the expected guests were missing. They were not snubbing one of the nation’s richest and most influential families—they were lost in the unfamiliar terrain beyond Manhattan. Even the...

  7. EPILOGUE
    EPILOGUE (pp. 219-228)

    The dream of creating a world capital city, which had sprung so readily to life at the end of the Second World War, came to an end. Instead, in the tradition of earlier self-proclaimed world capitals from Rome to London and Paris, the largesse of the Rockefeller family bestowed the “world capital” honor on an existing city—New York. This pleased the secretary general of the United Nations, who later reflected with satisfaction that “the United Nations would be at the turbulent center of twentieth century life, where, jostled by all the problems and all the challenges of struggling, swarming...

  8. ABBREVIATIONS IN APPENDIX AND NOTES
    ABBREVIATIONS IN APPENDIX AND NOTES (pp. 229-230)
  9. APPENDIX: CAPITALS OF THE WORLD
    APPENDIX: CAPITALS OF THE WORLD (pp. 231-256)
  10. NOTES
    NOTES (pp. 257-296)
  11. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (pp. 297-298)
  12. INDEX
    INDEX (pp. 299-318)
  13. ABOUT THE AUTHOR
    ABOUT THE AUTHOR (pp. 319-319)