REDD+ on the ground
Research Report
REDD+ on the ground: A case book of subnational initiatives across the globe
Editor Erin O Sills
Stibniati S Atmadja
Claudio de Sassi
Amy E Duchelle
Demetrius L Kweka
Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo
William D Sunderlin
Editorial assistant Eskil Mattsson
Copyright Date: Jan. 1, 2014
Published by: Center for International Forestry Research
Pages: 536
OPEN ACCESS
https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02148
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  1. Front Matter
    Front Matter (pp. i-ii)
  2. Table of Contents
    Table of Contents (pp. iii-xii)
  3. List of authors
    List of authors (pp. xiii-xvii)
  4. Acknowledgments
    Acknowledgments (pp. xviii-xix)
  5. Foreword
    Foreword (pp. xx-xxi)
    Arild Angelsen

    Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is to me still a very good idea. Interpreting REDD+ as an objective, we need to eliminate most forest emissions if we are to limit global warming to 2°C. Interpreting REDD+ as a policy instrument, I also think the basic idea underlying REDD+ is sound: create economic incentives for reducing emissions.

    Good ideas are not, however, necessarily easy to implement. This book takes stock of the challenges faced when trying to implement REDD+ on the ground. REDD+ proponents are facing serious challenges; they are caught between complex local realities, powerful (sub)national stakeholders...

  6. Executive summary
    Executive summary (pp. xxii-xxv)
    Erin O Sills and Eskil Mattsson
  7. Part 1. Introduction
    • Chapter 1 REDD+ on the ground: The need for scientific evidence
      Chapter 1 REDD+ on the ground: The need for scientific evidence (pp. 2-27)
      William D Sunderlin, Christy Desta Pratama, Astrid B Bos, Valerio Avitabile, Erin O Sills, Claudio de Sassi, Shijo Joseph, Made Agustavia, Uji Astrono Pribadi and Aneesh Anandadas

      Climate change is an increasingly urgent global environmental and humanitarian problem, threatening disruption of ecological processes, alterations of land-based and aquatic food production systems, increasing risks to human health, challenges to maintaining and improving human wellbeing, risks to biodiversity and species survival, undermining of economic growth and resilience, and increasing conflict and violence (IPCC 2014a). Tropical deforestation and forest degradation are one key part of the problem, with 12% of total GHG emissions in the period 2000–2009 coming from forests and other land uses (IPCC 2014b, 16) and therefore potentially an important part of the solution (Goodman and Herold...

  8. Part 2. Case reports
    • BRAZIL
      • [Introduction]
        [Introduction] (pp. 30-32)
        Sven Wunder and Amy E Duchelle

        Two-thirds of the Amazon biome, the world’s largest remaining tropical forest, is located in Brazil. Around 370 million ha, or 85% of the Brazilian Amazon and 43% of Brazil’s land area, remain forested. From the mid-1970s until 2004, aggressive land development strategies made Brazil the world’s largest deforesting country: annual forest loss peaked in 1995 and again in 2004, at almost 3 million ha, with much of that cleared land ending up as cattle pasture. Timber extraction still only plays a minor and indirect role in Brazil’s forest carbon losses. Large- and smallholders alike contribute to deforestation, facilitated by policy...

      • Chapter 2 Acre’s State System of Incentives for Environmental Services (SISA), Brazil
        Chapter 2 Acre’s State System of Incentives for Environmental Services (SISA), Brazil (pp. 33-50)
        Amy E Duchelle, Maron Greenleaf, Denyse Mello, Maria Fernanda Gebara and Tadeu Melo

        Acre’s State System of Incentives for Environmental Services (SISA) is known as the world’s first jurisdictional REDD+ program. It was created through State Law 2.308 (Government of Acre 2010), which was passed in October of 2010. This law was preceded by more than a decade of sustainable forest-based development policies in the state, notably the Ecological–Economic Zoning (ZEE) and the Valuation of Forest and Environmental Assets Policy (Valuation) (EDF n.d.). The ZEE was passed into state law in 2007 and provides the basis for sustainable forest management activities in forested areas, and the regulation of economic, land use and...

      • Chapter 3 Bolsa Floresta, Brazil
        Chapter 3 Bolsa Floresta, Brazil (pp. 51-67)
        Riyong Kim Bakkegaard and Sven Wunder

        The Bolsa Floresta¹ program encompasses a set of integrated interventions aimed at conserving forests and improving the welfare of residents in selected sustainable development reserves (SDRs) of the state of Amazonas in the Brazilian Amazon. Only 1 of the 15 conservation units where Bolsa Floresta is working is a certified REDD+ initiative (Juma), while the other 14 are in the REDD+ readiness phase.

        The program was started in 2007 and contains a financial compensation program, where a small economic incentive of BRL 50 per month (USD 30)² is paid to households for their commitment to zero net deforestation. Moreover, the...

      • Chapter 4 Cotriguaçu Sempre Verde, Brazil: Conservation and sustainable management of natural resources
        Chapter 4 Cotriguaçu Sempre Verde, Brazil: Conservation and sustainable management of natural resources (pp. 68-85)
        Raissa Guerra, Amy E Duchelle, D Sergio de Freitas Jr. and Maytê Rizek

        Cotriguaçu Sempre Verde (CSV)¹ is an initiative to promote social and economic development in the municipality of Cotriguaçu in northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil, through conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. The initiative is led by the Instituto Centro de Vida (ICV), which has focused initially on helping landowners come into compliance with environmental regulations and encouraging them to adopt more sustainable production practices. These activities are expected to simultaneously reduce deforestation and forest degradation in the municipality and promote local development.

        By engaging multiple stakeholders from many different sectors, ICV is taking a revolutionary approach to the environmental governance...

      • Chapter 5 Jari/Amapá REDD+ Project, Brazil
        Chapter 5 Jari/Amapá REDD+ Project, Brazil (pp. 86-105)
        Marina Cromberg, Mariana G Pereira and Renata B Caramez

        The Jari/Amapá REDD+¹ Initiative, which is led by the private investment company Biofílica and a corporate group called Grupo Jari, aims to protect an area of FSC-certified forest in the Jari Valley, which straddles the states of Pará and Amapá in the Brazilian Amazon. This area was acquired by the Grupo Jari in 2000 from the former Jari enterprise. The main goals of the initiative are to reduce deforestation and forest degradation in the forest management area. Proponents also plan to promote social co-benefits by providing technical assistance for sustainable production to some of the smallholders living inside and around...

      • Chapter 6 Sustainable Landscapes Pilot Program in São Félix do Xingu, Brazil
        Chapter 6 Sustainable Landscapes Pilot Program in São Félix do Xingu, Brazil (pp. 106-123)
        Maria Fernanda Gebara

        São Félix do Xingu (SFX) is one of the largest municipalities in the world and has historically been a major contributor to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The Sustainable Landscapes Pilot Program¹ (or simply, the pilot program) being implemented by TNC in SFX supports REDD+ efforts by addressing the major underlying causes of deforestation in the municipality. With a focus on sustainable land-use alternatives for rural economic development, the initiative aims to involve different local actors (local organizations, government agencies, smallholders, medium-and large-scale farmers, and indigenous people) to create a politically and economically favorable scenario for reducing deforestation. This diversity...

      • Chapter 7 Sustainable Settlements in the Amazon, Brazil
        Chapter 7 Sustainable Settlements in the Amazon, Brazil (pp. 124-143)
        Marina Cromberg, Amy E Duchelle, Gabriela Simonet and Alexandra Coraça de Freitas

        Sustainable Settlements in the Amazon¹ is an initiative led by the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), which aims to pilot a model for smallholder production with low carbon emissions. IPAM’s stated goal is “to increase the profitability of areas already deforested to reduce the need for farmers to open new forest areas” (IPAM n.d.). In 2009, when the initiative was first designed and proposed to the Amazon Fund,² it targeted 350 families who lived along the Transamazon Highway and who had previously participated in a government program called Proambiente.³ At the end of 2010, the initiative was approved on condition...

    • PERU
      • [Introduction]
        [Introduction] (pp. 144-146)
        Mary Menton, Jazmín Gonzales and Laura F Kowler

        Forests cover 69 million ha in Peru, representing nearly 60% of the country (MINAM 2014). Although annual deforestation rates are relatively low (approximately 0.2%), land use and land-use change are responsible for almost half of the country’s GHG emissions (MINAM 2011). Peru made a voluntary commitment to reach zero net deforestation and to conserve 54 million ha of forest by 2021 (MINAM 2011). REDD+ is expected to play an important role in national mitigation strategies. With 75% of the deforestation occurring in small plots (less than 0.5 ha), much of the focus on decreasing deforestation has been on smallholder farmers...

      • Chapter 8 The REDD Project in Brazil Nut Concessions in Madre de Dios, Peru
        Chapter 8 The REDD Project in Brazil Nut Concessions in Madre de Dios, Peru (pp. 147-165)
        Valerie Garrish, Emilio Perales, Amy E Duchelle and Peter Cronkleton

        In the Peruvian Amazon, a company – community partnership is attempting to enhance the livelihood strategies of Brazil nut producers and provide incentives to maintain the forest on which they depend. The initiative, called the REDD Project in Brazil Nut Concessions in Madre de Dios, Peru, was initiated by the company Bosques Amazonicos SAC (BAM) in partnership with the Federation of Brazil nut producers of Madre de Dios (FEPROCAMD). BAM is a private, for-profit, company established in 2004 and dedicated to the conservation, protection, restoration and sustainable management of tropical forests. The company believes that private capital can play a...

      • Chapter 9 Valuation of Environmental Services in the Managed Forests of Seven Indigenous Communities in Ucayali, Peru
        Chapter 9 Valuation of Environmental Services in the Managed Forests of Seven Indigenous Communities in Ucayali, Peru (pp. 166-184)
        Dawn Rodriguez-Ward and Pilar Paredes del Aguila

        Valuation of Environmental Services in the Managed Forests of Seven Indigenous Communities in Ucayali, Peru, is a subnational REDD+ initiative led by the Peruvian nonprofit organization AIDER (Association for integrated development and investigation) in the Ucayali region of Peru.¹ The initiative aims to reduce deforestation and degradation, conserve biodiversity, increase forest carbon reserves and improve livelihoods through the promotion of sustainable forest management within seven Shipibo Conibo and Cacataibo indigenous communities. Since the initiative’s inception in 2010, the proponent has conducted socioeconomic and deforestation baseline studies, delivered REDD+ training workshops, and promoted sustainable timber, NTFP and fisheries management practices. It...

    • CAMEROON
      • [Introduction]
        [Introduction] (pp. 185-187)
        Abdon Awono

        Cameroon has embarked on the process of preparing for REDD+ through issuance of its Readiness Plan Idea Note (validated in 2008) and its Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) (2013), with financial assistance channeled through the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. The latter document presents the dynamics of deforestation and forest degradation in Cameroon and its MRV system. The net annual deforestation rate in Cameroon was estimated as 0.03% between 2000 and 2005 by Ernst et al. (2013). However, this could increase due to international and national investments in agroindustry and associated expansion of cocoa and oil palm plantations, mining, and infrastructure (Megevand...

      • Chapter 10 REDD+ around Mount Cameroon, southwest region of Cameroon
        Chapter 10 REDD+ around Mount Cameroon, southwest region of Cameroon (pp. 188-202)
        Abdon Awono, Akombi Andreas Tambe, Henri Owona and Elise Barreau

        The Mount Cameroon REDD+ initiative is managed by GFA ENVEST under the Program for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Southwest Region of Cameroon (PSMNR-SW), which has supported conservation and livelihoods in the region since 2006. Launched in 2008 as a means of securing sustainable funding after the end of official development assistance (ODA) for PSMNR-SW, the initiative focuses on 41 villages surrounding Mount Cameroon National Park (MCNP), which was officially created in 2009. The REDD+ initiative aims to reduce forest loss and increase forest carbon stock by offering support for people whose livelihoods are dependent on protecting forests...

      • Chapter 11 Community Payments for Ecosystem Services in the south and east regions of Cameroon
        Chapter 11 Community Payments for Ecosystem Services in the south and east regions of Cameroon (pp. 203-217)
        Abdon Awono, Elise Barreau and Henri Owona

        The purpose of this pilot initiative is to assist local communities in Cameroon, and perhaps ultimately throughout the Congo Basin, to protect their forest resources using PES. The initiative seeks to change forest management practices and enable local communities to practice sustainable resource management and receive direct payment for their environmental performance. ‘Performance’ is what distinguishes REDD+ initiatives from other conservation efforts (Blom et al. 2010). Beyond having local impact, the initiative aims to nourish the debates that are influencing the development of national REDD+ policy in Cameroon, even though government support for the initiative has been lukewarm. This chapter...

    • TANZANIA
      • [Introduction]
        [Introduction] (pp. 218-221)
        Demetrius L Kweka, Sheryl Quail and Jessica Campese

        Tanzania has the most subnational REDD+ initiatives of any country in Africa outside of the Congo Basin, many financed by Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI). This makes sense, given the country’s large forest estate (35 million ha) (URT 1998); forest law allowing community forest ownership; long history of PFM (Zahabu 2008; URT n.d.); and alarming 1.1% deforestation rate – one of the 10 highest rates of net national forest area loss in the world (FAO 2010a). The annual per capita value of subsistence use of forest products in rural areas has been estimated as USD 25–50, with...

      • Chapter 12 Building REDD Readiness in the Masito Ugalla Ecosystem Pilot Area in Support of Tanzania’s National REDD Strategy
        Chapter 12 Building REDD Readiness in the Masito Ugalla Ecosystem Pilot Area in Support of Tanzania’s National REDD Strategy (pp. 222-233)
        Demetrius L Kweka

        Building on more than a decade of conservation work in western Tanzania, the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) brought together a broad consortium of organizations to respond to the Norwegian call for REDD+ funding proposals in 2009. Once they obtained funding for the initiative in Kigoma, known as Building REDD Readiness in the Masito Ugalla Ecosystem Pilot Area in Support of Tanzania’s National REDD Strategy, they helped establish a community-based organization linked to the Kigoma District Council called Jumuiya ya Watunza Msitu wa Masito (JUWAMMA). The objective of the initiative was to reduce deforestation and forest degradation driven by demand for...

      • Chapter 13 Piloting REDD in Zanzibar Through Community Forest Management, Tanzania
        Chapter 13 Piloting REDD in Zanzibar Through Community Forest Management, Tanzania (pp. 234-244)
        Susan Caplow, Andina Auria Dwi Putri and Demetrius L Kweka

        The REDD+ initiative being run in Zanzibar by CARE International is called Piloting REDD in Zanzibar Through Community Forest Management. In Swahili, the initiative is referred to as Hifadhi misitu Zanzibar (Conserve forests in Zanzibar) or HIMA. HIMA is using a tailor-made PFM approach based on CFM agreements¹ to reach goals that are specifically pro-poor and gender equitable, in line with CARE’s mission. The initiative is building on CARE’s previous work with PFM in Zanzibar, expanding their efforts on Zanzibar’s largest island of Unguja and extending into Pemba, the less-developed northern islands.

        The predominant vegetation in Zanzibar is coral rag,...

      • Chapter 14 Making REDD Work for Communities and Forest Conservation in Tanzania
        Chapter 14 Making REDD Work for Communities and Forest Conservation in Tanzania (pp. 245-260)
        Therese Dokken, Andina Auria Dwi Putri and Demetrius L Kweka

        The initiative known as Making REDD Work for Communities and Forest Conservation in Tanzania is implemented by the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) and the Tanzania Community Forest Conservation Network (MJUMITA). Its aim is to demonstrate how emissions from deforestation and forest degradation can be reduced through CFM (TFCG and MJUMITA 2009). While the initiative includes a suite of interventions at the community scale, it makes direct payments to individuals for the environmental services provided through reduced deforestation and forest degradation.

        The initiative includes community forests in two districts: Kilosa in the Morogoro Region and Lindi Rural in the Lindi...

      • Chapter 15 Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative: Combining REDD, PFM and FSC certification in southeastern Tanzania
        Chapter 15 Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative: Combining REDD, PFM and FSC certification in southeastern Tanzania (pp. 261-271)
        Demetrius L Kweka

        Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative (MCDI)¹ has been supporting PFM in Kilwa district, southeastern Tanzania, since 2004. MCDI focuses on sustainable management of high-value hardwood timbers in the miombo woodlands on communal village lands in Kilwa district. The NGO’s name comes from its flagship species, East African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon or mpingo), which is used in Europe and North America to make musical instruments. Reductions in carbon emissions are generated through community-based fire management that prevents and potentially reverses forest degradation.

        MCDI works in Kilwa, the most northerly district in the Lindi region. Kilwa district has an estimated 36,549 households,...

      • Chapter 16 Pilot project on Community-Based REDD Mechanisms for Sustainable Forest Management in Semiarid Areas: The Case of Ngitilis in the Shinyanga Region, Tanzania
        Chapter 16 Pilot project on Community-Based REDD Mechanisms for Sustainable Forest Management in Semiarid Areas: The Case of Ngitilis in the Shinyanga Region, Tanzania (pp. 272-285)
        Andina Auria Dwi Putri and Demetrius L Kweka

        The REDD+ initiative known as Community-Based REDD Mechanisms for Sustainable Forest Management in Semiarid Areas: The Case of Ngitilis in Shinyanga Region, promoted sustainable natural resource management and reduced carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in ngitilis.¹ The initiative was implemented by the Tanzania Traditional Energy Development and Environment Organization (TaTEDO) as part of its long-term agenda of promoting access to sustainable, modern energy technologies, poverty reduction and environmental conservation in Shinyanga. The initiative operated in two districts of Shinyanga region: Kahama and Shinyanga Rural. The intervention area, or REDD+ forest, was defined as the aggregation of individual ngitili....

    • INDONESIA
      • [Introduction]
        [Introduction] (pp. 286-289)
        Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo, Stibniati S Atmadja, Nugroho Adi Utomo, Christy Desta Pratama, Andini Desita Ekaputri, Josil P Murray, Andina Auria Dwi Putri, Made Agustavia, Cut Augusta Mindry Anandi, Riza Aryani, Pangestuti Astri, Yayan Indriatmoko, Dian Yusvita Intarini, Mella Komalasari and Karlina Indraswari

        Land-use change and forestry (LUCF) and peatlands are the main sources of Indonesia’s GHG emissions. Between 2000 and 2005, average GHG emissions from LUCF and peat fires was estimated as 1.05 GtCO2e (gigatons CO2e) or 63% of the country’s total emissions (Ministry of Environment 2010). Of that, peat fires contributed 22% (Ministry of Environment 2010). Indonesia has the largest extent of peatlands in the world: 21 to 27 million ha (Page et al. 2011), storing up to 132 GtCO2e (MoFor 2008a). Peatlands are thus an important part of REDD+ in Indonesia.

        Of the 187 million ha of Indonesia’s landmass, 68%...

      • Chapter 17 Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
        Chapter 17 Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia (pp. 290-308)
        Stibniati S Atmadja, Yayan Indriatmoko, Nugroho Adi Utomo, Mella Komalasari and Andini Desita Ekaputri

        The Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP) was launched in January 2010 as one of four official REDD+ demonstration activities in Indonesia (Masyhud 2010). Its objective was to “demonstrate a credible, equitable, and effective approach to reducing GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, including from the degradation of peatlands…” (IAFCP 2009, 2). It officially ended in June 2014.

        Among the Indonesian REDD+ initiatives included in the CIFOR-GCS sample, KFCP was the most advanced in terms of field implementation. That was because the initiative had substantial up-front funding and did not require a concession license for the intervention area (cf....

      • Chapter 18 Katingan Peatland Restoration and Conservation Project, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
        Chapter 18 Katingan Peatland Restoration and Conservation Project, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia (pp. 309-328)
        Yayan Indriatmoko, Stibniati S Atmadja, Nugroho Adi Utomo, Andini Desita Ekaputri and Mella Komalasari

        The Katingan Peatland Restoration and Conservation Project (Katingan Project) is an ecosystem restoration initiative on a peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.¹ It is managed by an Indonesian company, PT. Rimba Makmur Utama (PT.RMU). Like the Rimba Raya initiative (Chapter 20), the Katingan Project applied for an ERC, which was granted by MoFor in late 2013. The ERC license covered only half of the proposed area, which is not consistent with the ideal approach for peatland conservation/rehabilitation of protecting the integrity of the entire peat dome. This chapter describes the initiative based on the CIFOR-GCS survey conducted in 2010...

      • Chapter 19 Ketapang Community Carbon Pools, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
        Chapter 19 Ketapang Community Carbon Pools, West Kalimantan, Indonesia (pp. 329-347)
        Dian Yusvita Intarini, Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo, Mella Komalasari, Andini Desita Ekaputri and Made Agustavia

        Ketapang Community Carbon Pools (KCCP) is part of the Southeast Asia Community Carbon Pools initiative managed by Fauna and Flora International (FFI) Indonesia Programme. Situated in Ketapang district of West Kalimantan, the goals of KCCP are to conserve the habitat of the endangered Bornean orangutan (Pongo Pygmaues wurmbii) (Rawson 2013) and to reduce GHG emissions. The core strategy is to secure community tenure rights and strengthen forest governance.

        The forest landscape of Ketapang is both highly threatened and biodiversity rich (FFI–Indonesia Programme 2009). The forests are mostly managed under customary law by local Dayak and Malay communities, but are...

      • Chapter 20 Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve Project, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
        Chapter 20 Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve Project, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia (pp. 348-361)
        Yayan Indriatmoko, Stibniati S Atmadja, Andini Desita Ekaputri and Mella Komalasari

        Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve Initiative (Rimba Raya)¹ is a for-profit forest carbon initiative in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is managed by InfiniteEARTH Limited, a private company based in Hong Kong. Through its registered business entity in Indonesia (PT. Rimba Raya Conservation or PT. RRC), it applied for an ERC license over a carbon accounting area (CAA) intended to protect an entire peat dome against planned conversion to oil palm plantations. MoFor granted the license over a part of the CAA, requiring the development of alternative management agreements between PT. RRC and actors such as oil palm companies and the district...

      • Chapter 21 TNC’s initiative within the Berau Forest Carbon Program, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
        Chapter 21 TNC’s initiative within the Berau Forest Carbon Program, East Kalimantan, Indonesia (pp. 362-379)
        Cut Augusta Mindry Anandi, Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo, Mella Komalasari, Andini Desita Ekaputri and Dian Yusvita Intarini

        In early 2008, TNC in partnership with the Government of Berau began discussions on a low-emission program in the district, and the Berau REDD+ Task Force was established. In June 2009, the Berau Forest Carbon Program (BFCP) or Program Karbon Hutan Berau (PKHB) was officially declared as a district-level REDD+ program. The program serves as a model of low-emission development based on sustainable natural resource (including forest) management and as an example of the jurisdictional REDD+ approach in Indonesia. In January 2010, the Government of Indonesia recognized Berau as one of the official REDD+ demonstration activities in Indonesia, along with...

      • Chapter 22 Ulu Masen REDD+ initiative, Aceh, Indonesia
        Chapter 22 Ulu Masen REDD+ initiative, Aceh, Indonesia (pp. 380-397)
        Cut Augusta Mindry Anandi, Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo, Andini Desita Ekaputri, Mella Komalasari, Pangestuti Astri and Riza Aryani

        The Ulu Masen REDD+ initiative was developed by the Government of Aceh (GoA) during the governorship of Irwandi Yusuf (2007–2012). Irwandi’s strategy (known as ‘Aceh Green’) aimed to improve Aceh’s economy and environment (Dunlop 2009). During that period, the province of Aceh had just recovered from an extended period of armed conflict and the destructive 2004 tsunami. This REDD+ initiative was among the first established globally (Sills et al. 2009; Minang and Noordwijk 2013). It planned to develop and apply the mechanism of carbon finance in order to reduce GHG emissions, contribute to sustainable socioeconomic development, improve forest management,...

    • VIETNAM
      • [Introduction]
        [Introduction] (pp. 398-400)
        Thu Ba Huynh

        Vietnam is undergoing rapid changes in the social, economic and even climate domains. Although its population growth rate has fallen by half over the past two decades, Vietnam is already the 13th most populous nation with up to 1000 people/km² in the Red River Delta (Townshend et al. 2011).

        Vietnam’s poverty reduction story is well known. Political and economic reforms (Doi Moi), launched in 1986, transformed Vietnam from one of the poorest countries in the world to a lower middle income country by the end of 2010 (World Bank 2014). The country’s rate of poverty reduction ranks sixth globally for...

      • Chapter 23 Cat Loc Landscape – Cat Tien National Park Pro-Poor REDD+ Project, Vietnam
        Chapter 23 Cat Loc Landscape – Cat Tien National Park Pro-Poor REDD+ Project, Vietnam (pp. 401-417)
        Thu Ba Huynh

        This chapter discusses implementation of one of the first REDD+ initiatives in Vietnam, designed and implemented by SNV (the Netherlands Development Organisation).¹ This case is framed in the broader context of dynamics between international NGOs and the government of Vietnam (GOV) in the REDD+ arena.

        The Cat Loc Landscape – Cat Tien National Park Pro-Poor REDD+ Project² (2009–2012) was funded by the UK Government Darwin Initiative, and implemented in partnership with the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and national and local authorities in Vietnam. This initiative aimed to (i) examine the potential for accessing the voluntary carbon...

  9. Part 3. Synthesis
    • Chapter 24 REDD+ on the ground: Global insights from local contexts
      Chapter 24 REDD+ on the ground: Global insights from local contexts (pp. 420-444)
      Claudio de Sassi, William D Sunderlin, Erin O Sills, Amy E Duchelle, Ashwin Ravikumar, Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo, Cecilia Luttrell, Shijo Joseph, Martin Herold, Demetrius L Kweka and Stibniati S Atmadja

      When the idea of REDD+ was consolidated at the UNFCCC COP in Bali in 2007, there were high expectations that it would be a path-breaking approach to reducing tropical deforestation and GHG emissions from the forest sector. The core of the idea was to pay for the forgone benefits of forestland conversion with a substantial flow of funding, rewarding forest stakeholders who measurably slowed deforestation and forest degradation against a baseline. Public sector funding would initiate the process, to be eventually supplanted by a robust market in carbon credits. In the introduction of this book, we observed that the idea...

  10. References
    References (pp. 445-481)
  11. Terms and abbreviations
    Terms and abbreviations (pp. 482-483)
  12. Glossary
    Glossary (pp. 484-489)
  13. Appendices
    Appendices (pp. 490-505)
  14. Back Matter
    Back Matter (pp. 506-508)