Importance of the traditional land-use and land-tenure systems of Waraka, Seram Island, Maluku on JSTOR

Research Report

Importance of the traditional land-use and land-tenure systems of Waraka, Seram Island, Maluku

Laure Ducos

Published by: Center for International Forestry Research

Pages: 73

OPEN ACCESS

https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02367

Table of Contents

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Front Matter

Front Matter (pp. i-ii)
Table of Contents

Table of Contents (pp. iii-iii)
Lists of figures and tables

Lists of figures and tables (pp. iv-iv)
Summary

Summary (pp. v-v)
Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments (pp. vi-vi)
List of abbreviations

List of abbreviations (pp. vii-viii)
1. Introduction

1. Introduction (pp. 1-2)

Environmental degradation and forest loss are increasing worldwide, with the most immediate impact occurring at the local level in tropical countries. The loss of ecological services provided by tropical forests, together with the reduced availability of renewable resource, is particularly important to populations who rely on natural resources for their livelihoods.

In Indonesia, even if the deforestation rates have decreased recently, the loss of forest is still high, with more than 500,000 hectares (ha) lost per year during the period 2000–2010 (FAO 2011). This high rate of deforestation is due to the need for development and the conversion of...
2. Materials and methods

2. Materials and methods (pp. 3-7)

The study area is located on the land of the Waraka Village, on Seram Island in the Moluccas (Maluku). The island covers an area of 17,429 km² (Monk et al. 1997), with 189,000 ha covered by Manusela National Park. The island is mountainous, not volcanic, with the Binaya peak just over 3000 m, and is mainly composed of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks (Edwards et al. 1993). Seram Island is part of the Wallacea region; its flora and fauna is a mix of Asian, Australian and New Guinean elements, and its climate is tropical everwet, with precipitation which varies from 2000...
3. Results

3. Results (pp. 8-32)

Fuys et al. (2008) defines tenure security as a function of rights, which depends on their breadth and duration. Clerc (2012) say that land tenure security is assured if a rights holder can, now and in the future, profit from the investment that he made on his land (labour and capital). There are two schools of thought about land rights. In his book The Tragedy of the Commons (1968), Hardin demonstrated that without private or state control, an open-access area will inevitably lead to resource degradation. This forms the basis of the property rights school, which holds that private, individual...
4. Discussion

4. Discussion (pp. 33-40)

In her analysis of tenure security in Kalimantan, Clerc (2012) showed that the interactions between the different actors produce several outcomes impacting the tenure security of the villagers. Environmental constraints and opportunities (linked to the biophysical environment, but also the institutional environment and the attributes of the community or village) and the attributes of each actor (resource action or asset, interest, strategy and action) combine to create several outcomes or patterns of interaction indicating a certain degree of tenure security.

In the present situation, I identified four patterns of interactions as indicators of tenure security:

The degree of cooperation and...
5. Conclusion

5. Conclusion (pp. 41-41)

Land-use and land-tenure systems in Waraka evolve in a rapidly changing environment. Traditional land use has slightly adapted during the last decades, but it seems that greater changes are coming. Some farmers highlighted the importance of their agroforestry systems as a regular and stable source of food and financial income that largely prevails over the potential benefits of wage labor. Part of the population is looking for new sources of employment and trying to sell its land to invest in children’s marriage and education. The interest of the young generation in agriculture is declining and the relations between Christians and...
6. References

6. References (pp. 42-44)
Appendix 1. Questionnaire for FGD (focus-group discussions)

Appendix 1. Questionnaire for FGD (focus-group discussions) (pp. 45-47)
Appendix 2. Full list of the semi-structured interviews used for the study

Appendix 2. Full list of the semi-structured interviews used for the study (pp. 48-48)
Appendix 3. Fact sheet: Waraka’s home-gardens

Appendix 3. Fact sheet: Waraka’s home-gardens (pp. 49-49)
Appendix 4. Fact sheet: Waraka’s food crop fields

Appendix 4. Fact sheet: Waraka’s food crop fields (pp. 50-50)
Appendix 5. Non-exhaustive list of vegetables that can be found in Waraka farmers’ food crop fields

Appendix 5. Non-exhaustive list of vegetables that can be found in Waraka farmers’ food crop fields (pp. 51-51)
Appendix 6. Coconut and cocoa production of Waraka’s community

Appendix 6. Coconut and cocoa production of Waraka’s community (pp. 52-52)
Appendix 7. The remaining production of rubber in Waraka

Appendix 7. The remaining production of rubber in Waraka (pp. 53-53)
Appendix 8. Mixed tree gardens of Waraka: Dusun in the lowlands

Appendix 8. Mixed tree gardens of Waraka: Dusun in the lowlands (pp. 54-54)
Appendix 9. Non-exhaustive list of species found in the traditional mixed forest gardens of Waraka’s community

Appendix 9. Non-exhaustive list of species found in the traditional mixed forest gardens of Waraka’s community (pp. 55-55)
Appendix 10. Sketch profile of the first 7 km of Waraka territory

Appendix 10. Sketch profile of the first 7 km of Waraka territory (pp. 56-56)
Appendix 11. Sago (Metroxylon sagu) production in Waraka

Appendix 11. Sago (Metroxylon sagu) production in Waraka (pp. 57-57)
Appendix 12. Albisia priangan Lestari (APL): Private logging company

Appendix 12. Albisia priangan Lestari (APL): Private logging company (pp. 58-59)
Appendix 13. The PTP Nusantara XIV: A state-owned cocoa, coconut and rubber company

Appendix 13. The PTP Nusantara XIV: A state-owned cocoa, coconut and rubber company (pp. 60-62)
Back Matter

Back Matter (pp. 63-63)