Tangled Relationships
Tangled Relationships: Boundary Issues and Dual Relationships in the Human Services
Frederic G. Reamer
Series: Foundations of Social Work Knowledge Series
Copyright Date: 2001
Published by: Columbia University Press
https://doi.org/10.7312/ream12116
Pages: 225
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/ream12116
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Book Info
Tangled Relationships
Book Description:

Should a therapist counsel a former lover or accept a client's gift? If so, has a boundary been crossed? Some boundary issues, like beginning a sexual relationship with a client, are obvious pitfalls to avoid, but what about more subtle issues, like hugging a client or disclosing personal information to a client? What are the boundaries of maintaining a friendship with a former client or the relative of a client? When do conflicts of interest overburden the client-practitioner relationship?

Frederic Reamer, a leading authority on professional ethics, offers a definitive and up-to-date analysis of boundary issues, a rapidly emerging topic in the field of human services. One of the only works in the field to provide a conceptual framework for the dual relationship between practitioner and client, this book provides an in-depth look at the complex forms these relationships take. It also gives practical risk-management models to aid human service professionals in the prevention of problematic situations and the managing of dual relationships. Reamer examines the ethics involving intimate and sexual relationships with clients and former clients, practitioners' self-disclosure, giving and receiving favors and gifts, bartering for services, and unavoidable and unanticipated circumstances such as social encounters and geographical proximity. Case vignettes that help illustrate important points are also included in each chapter.

eISBN: 978-0-231-50618-2
Subjects: Sociology
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  1. Front Matter
    Front Matter (pp. i-vi)
  2. Table of Contents
    Table of Contents (pp. vii-x)
  3. Preface
    Preface (pp. xi-xiv)
  4. 1 Boundary Issues and Dual Relationships: Key Concepts
    1 Boundary Issues and Dual Relationships: Key Concepts (pp. 1-54)

    In recent years, especially since the early 1980s, human service professionals have developed an increasingly mature grasp of ethical issues. Since then, the professional literature has expanded markedly with respect to identifying ethical conflicts and dilemmas in practice; developing conceptual frameworks and protocols for ethical decision making when professional duties conflict; and formulating risk-management strategies to avoid ethics-related negligence and ethical misconduct (Austin, Moline, and Williams 1990; Berliner 1989; Bersoff 1999; Besharov 1985; Bullis 1995; Corey, Corey, and Callanan 1997; Herlihy and Corey 1992; Loewenberg and Dolgoff 1996; Reamer 1980, 1982, 1990, 1994a, 1995a, 1998a, 1999; Rhodes 1986).

    Clearly, ethical...

  5. 2 Intimate Relationships
    2 Intimate Relationships (pp. 55-98)

    Many boundary issues involve some form of intimate relationship. Some issues are glaring, such as those involving sexual contact between a therapist and a current client. Other issues, however, are more subtle, such as those involving seemingly innocent affectionate gestures.

    I will examine a wide range of boundary issues involving intimacy. They include sexual relationships between professionals and their current or former clients; sexual relationships between professionals and clients’ relatives or acquaintances; sexual relationships between professionals who are supervisors or educators and their supervisees, students, trainees, or other colleagues over whom they exercise professional authority; providing professional services to a...

  6. 3 Emotional and Dependency Needs
    3 Emotional and Dependency Needs (pp. 99-121)

    Boundary problems arising from a practitioner’s personal issues can take many other forms in addition to inappropriate intimate relationships. Some manifestations amount to boundary violations, by which clients and others are exploited or harmed. Others constitute boundary crossings, introducing complex issues that do not rise to the level of actual violations but must be managed carefully nonetheless.

    What many of these phenomena have in common is that they are rooted in the practitioner’s emotional and dependency needs, such as those stemming from childhood experiences, marital issues, aging, career frustrations, or financial and legal problems. Research on impaired professionals provides ample...

  7. 4 Personal Benefit
    4 Personal Benefit (pp. 122-147)

    Some boundary and dual relationship issues emerge because of pragmatic concerns, specifically, the possibility that the practitioner’s relationship with the client could produce tangible, material benefits or favors for the practitioner beyond simple monetary payment for services rendered. Some such dual relationships arise from relatively benign motives—for example, when a client with specialized knowledge or expertise offers to help a practitioner with a personal challenge—and some arise from more sinister motives—for example, when a practitioner attempts to exploit a client for material gain.

    This chapter explores this wide range of circumstances, focusing on issues related to bartering...

  8. 5 Altruism
    5 Altruism (pp. 148-172)

    A number of boundary issues arise because of practitioners’ genuinely altruistic instincts and gestures. The vast majority of human service professionals are caring, dedicated, and honorable people who would never knowingly take advantage of clients. Ironically, practitioners who are remarkably generous and giving may unwittingly foster dual and multiple relationships that are counterproductive and harmful to the parties involved.

    Boundary issues related to altruism fall into several conceptual categories: giving gifts to clients; meeting clients in social or community settings; offering clients favors; accommodating clients’ unique needs and circumstances; and disclosing personal information to clients.

    At first blush, it may...

  9. 6 Unavoidable and Unanticipated Circumstances
    6 Unavoidable and Unanticipated Circumstances (pp. 173-193)

    Another type of dual relationship involves circumstances that practitioners cannot easily anticipate or prevent—circumstances that, in most respects, are unavoidable. In these situations, practitioners encounter boundary crossings and dual relationships unexpectedly and need to manage the circumstances in a way that protects clients, colleagues, and practitioners to the greatest extent possible.

    Boundary issues involving unavoidable circumstances fall into four major categories, including those that involve geographic proximity, conflicts of interest, professional encounters, and social encounters.

    The likelihood of unanticipated boundary issues increases in geographically small communities, especially in rural areas. Human service professionals in these settings often report how...

  10. Epilogue
    Epilogue (pp. 194-198)

    I have examined a diverse array of dual relationship and boundary issues. Some issues that arise in the human services are relatively uncomplicated, and some are complex. Some involve practitioners who are motivated primarily by altruism, and some involve practitioners who violate clients’ boundaries because of their own deep-seated pathology, emotional needs, or greed. Some boundary crossings serve a constructive purpose, whereas boundary violations are uniformly destructive.

    Despite this remarkable variety, dual relationship and boundary issues share several key features. First, they contain the seeds for potential harm to others. Although serious harm is not inevitable—except in the most...

  11. References
    References (pp. 199-210)
  12. Index
    Index (pp. 211-214)
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