War in Worcester: Youth and the Apartheid State
War in Worcester: Youth and the Apartheid State
Pamela Reynolds
Stefanos Geroulanos
Todd Meyers
Copyright Date: 2013
Published by: Fordham University Press
Pages: 272
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x06xf
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Book Info
War in Worcester: Youth and the Apartheid State
Book Description:

The South African government gave no quarter to young people who joined the struggle against the apartheid state; indeed, it targeted them. Security forces meted out cruel treatment to youth who rebelled, incarcerated even the very young under dreadful conditions, and used torture frequently, sometimes over long periods of time. Little is known, however, from the perspective of young fighters themselves about the efforts they made to sustain the momentum of struggle, how that affected and was affected by their other social bonds, and what they achieved in terms of growth and paid in terms of harm. War in Worcester combines a study of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)'s findings on the stand taken by South African youth with extended fieldwork undertaken with fourteen young men who, starting in their schooldays, were involved in the struggle in a small town in the Western Cape. Filling a gap in the ethnographic analysis of the role of youth in armed conflict, the book describes, from the perspective of the young fighters themselves, the tactics that young local leaders used and how the state retaliated, young peoples' experiences of pain and loss, the effect on fighters of the extensive use of informers by the state as a weapon of war, and the search for an ethic of survival. The testimony of these young fighters reveals some limitations of the processes used by the TRC in its search to document the truth. War in Worcester problematizes the use of the term "victim" for the political engagement of young people and calls for attention to patterns of documenting the past and thus to the nature of the archive in recording the character of political forces and the uses of violence. It encourages a fresh analysis of the kinds of revolt being enacted by the young elsewhere in the world, such as North Africa and the Middle East.

eISBN: 978-0-8232-4863-6
Subjects: Sociology
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  1. Front Matter
    Front Matter (pp. i-viii)
  2. Table of Contents
    Table of Contents (pp. ix-x)
  3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (pp. xi-xii)
  4. Introduction
    Introduction (pp. 1-26)

    The book is about youth fighting for freedom and a state’s retaliation. It is about the young not consenting to the kind of adulthood on offer under a particular political dispensation. It is about the character of revolt under conditions of tight surveillance. It is about negative forms of governance of children and about the violence of the state. It is about government-sanctioned cruelty. It is about the labor of youth in the work of war and about their reach for ethics despite experiences of pain and betrayal. It is, in part, about the attempts by the Truth and Reconciliation...

  5. ONE The Ground on Which They Stood
    ONE The Ground on Which They Stood (pp. 27-49)

    The chapter is about the work of war (or the labor of revolt), living in the place of war (or on the battlefield), and local fame and local danger—it outlines the battle in a township under close surveillance. The questions that inform it are: What do the young do in war? How do they do it? How are they drawn in? How do they hold through it? Against what odds? It is about commitment and choice, not simply revolt or rebellion, grasping opportunities, taking advantage, settling scores, or even just having fun. Despite the recent concerted interest in the...

  6. INTERLUDE 1: Induction Into Politics
    INTERLUDE 1: Induction Into Politics (pp. 50-60)

    It is commonly held that young people were inducted into politics via the excitement and challenge of street protest against security force personnel, particularly the throwing of stones and running away from tear gas,sjamboks, and bullets, rubber or live. The view oversimplifies what was, for many, a carefully considered entry and one consequent on a variety of forces and relationships, not excluding the exuberance oftoyi-toyiing and taunting the police. There were, it appeared to me, more continuities across generations with regard to the handing on of political knowledge, exchange of opinions about strategy, and continuing support of various...

  7. TWO Untimely Suffering
    TWO Untimely Suffering (pp. 61-107)

    This chapter is in part a meditation on untimeliness, in that the young, sometimes very young, suffered in the fight (Ellman 2005, xi). The events that caused it arrived too soon. Untimely, that is, if we are to grant that the kinds of pain and terror meted out by the security forces have greater effects on youth than on adults and on those who have had no training as fighters. But perhaps the tactics used—torture, solitary confinement, and humiliation—are always untimely. This chapter is about bearable and unbearable suffering experienced by the young who sought to make the...

  8. THREE Turning and Being Turned
    THREE Turning and Being Turned (pp. 108-132)

    The trope (from the Greektropos, “turn”) in this chapter is of turning, doubling, in an encapsulated place where moves spiral around one another: a turning away, against; a doubling of pain; a ring of mountains hemming in the valley, the prison cells, the proscribed network of friends; the local fight. Betrayal shoots through the stories. It is enacted. It brushes, clears, maneuvers, undermines action. It surprises, being neither neat nor easily categorized. The chapter is about betrayal as an indicator of the nature of the context within which a stand was made. It is about protest under close surveillance...

  9. Photographs
    Photographs (pp. None)
  10. INTERLUDE 2: Three Men and Loss
    INTERLUDE 2: Three Men and Loss (pp. 133-136)

    Three men, all born within three years of one another, are widely respected among the comrades in Zwelethemba for their contribution to the fight. They are Nelson Sonwabo (Sox) Sitsili, Zingisile Anthony (Z) Yabo, and Nation Andile Maart. Each suffered severely as a consequence of their activities, and each saw his life as having been seriously hampered in its fulfilment because of what he had been through. Each came from a family of activists: the mother of Sox was imprisoned for her actions, a brother of Zingisile died, and the parents of Nation were both activists—his father was imprisoned...

  11. FOUR Imfobe: The Reach for Moral Principles
    FOUR Imfobe: The Reach for Moral Principles (pp. 137-160)

    Walter Benjamin said that the image of history lies “even in its inconspicuous features of existence, in history’s rejects” (1979, 35). Inasmuch as history leaves out of account the experiences of children and youth in conflicts, it cancels their contribution to social and political change and fails to acknowledge their courage and effort. It also underestimates at best—or denies, at worst—the morality the young had to hold to and the consciousness that required under harsh circumstances. Descriptions that gloss over the efforts by many of the local leaders of the young to act in accord with moral principles...

  12. FIVE Neutralizing the Young
    FIVE Neutralizing the Young (pp. 161-182)

    This chapter is about the difficulties of recording the role that the young play in wars and of describing their action and practice during conflict. It is a contribution to the critique of a system of knowing or causing to know (see Last 1981). By obscuring reality, we excuse ourselves from knowing the consequences for the young of war and oppression and from acknowledging the profundity of their understanding and the courage entailed in their engagement in conflict.

    Adrienne Rich has, as poets do, seen clearly that a single event or idea like a truth commission is unlikely to transmute...

  13. Epilogue
    Epilogue (pp. 183-184)

    The project that the fourteen men of Zwelethemba and I had begun subsequent to the Boland Human Violations Hearing of June 24–26, 1996, in Worcester came to a formal end on October 21, 1999. However, we kept in contact and have met as a group seven times across the years when I have returned to Cape Town. Four of the men have died: Ntando in February 1999 as a result of the bullet wound from the vigilante’s gun; Zingisile in September 2003; Paulos in February 2005, and Sox in February 2007. We mourn their passing.

    During the dozen years...

  14. Appendixes
    • APPENDIX 1 Worcester
      APPENDIX 1 Worcester (pp. 187-188)
    • APPENDIX 2 The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: A 1996 explanatory note from the TRC for the public
      APPENDIX 2 The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: A 1996 explanatory note from the TRC for the public (pp. 189-196)
    • APPENDIX 3 The Boland Hearings
      APPENDIX 3 The Boland Hearings (pp. 197-198)
    • APPENDIX 4 The Commission’s Findings on Violence in the Western Cape: An excerpt from Fiona Ross (2003, 103–106) with her generous permission
      APPENDIX 4 The Commission’s Findings on Violence in the Western Cape: An excerpt from Fiona Ross (2003, 103–106) with her generous permission (pp. 199-204)
    • APPENDIX 5 Four Figures from the TRC Report
      APPENDIX 5 Four Figures from the TRC Report (pp. 205-206)
    • APPENDIX 6 The TRC’s Findings on Children and Youth (1998, 5:254–256)
      APPENDIX 6 The TRC’s Findings on Children and Youth (1998, 5:254–256) (pp. 207-210)
    • APPENDIX 7 The TRC’s Recommendations on Children and Youth (1998, 5:321)
      APPENDIX 7 The TRC’s Recommendations on Children and Youth (1998, 5:321) (pp. 211-212)
  15. NOTES
    NOTES (pp. 213-224)
  16. REFERENCES
    REFERENCES (pp. 225-232)
  17. INDEX
    INDEX (pp. 233-240)
  18. Back Matter
    Back Matter (pp. 241-242)
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