The relationship between science and society is changing. Boundaries between public and private research agencies, other knowledge institutions and civil society are no longer clear or distinct (Spaapen et al. 2007). Research aims to generate new knowledge and, increasingly, to promote and facilitate the use of that knowledge to enable change, solve problems and support innovation (Clark and Dickson 2003) — in other words, to have impact. Transdisciplinary approaches transcend disciplinary and institutional boundaries to contextualize research around the interests of stakeholders and to foster a more socially robust knowledge (Nowotny et al. 2003). New problem-driven approaches seek to create...

A list of key terms developed from a preliminary literature review served as the starting point for developing the search terms that will be used when searching the databases. Initial search term strings were developed, tested and refined based on resulting search outputs through trial searches in Scopus, Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar. We then conducted search term scoping trials to identify and test candidate search strings that would yield comprehensive retrieval of relevant articles without excessive irrelevant results. A benchmark list of highly relevant papers was selected from our initial literature review to test the comprehensiveness of candidate...